I do not have the words to express my gratitude at The Rough Stone's words. I do not think he chose his handle lightly. As stone sharpens steel, one man sharpens the countenence of another. I forgot who wrote that but it applies here.
Sir, you have gifted me with an incredible piece of writing. I am beyond honored that you chose to share your thoughts with me. I've been thinking for days as to how to give you a response worthy of what you have written. As of yet, I cannot. So I will reproduce what you wrote to me for my readers to enjoy and ponder. Though you wrote the following in response to my post "The Distinctions of Inoocence" I feel it deserves a place by itself. It is brilliant and I hope to have a response for you sometime soon.
In Defense of Innocence
And all must love the human form
in heathen turk or jew
Where Mercy Love and Pity dwell
There God is dwelling too
This verse by William Blake could, I suppose, be dismissed by the knowing and experienced as a kind of fantasy or namby pamby religious sentiment about the divine origin and essential goodness of man. Indeed it is hard not to read something satiric in something so nakedly “innocent.” Nevertheless, there is a powerful directness in the imperative that “all must love the human form,” which none of us can deny without shaming ourselves; just as there is something terribly lucid in the idea that God dwells in the human form, where the triple virtues of Mercy, Love, and Pity are embodied. Blake's project was among other things to remind us of and restore us to Eden, where God made man in his image. That image may have since been badly damaged or eclipsed. But it is Blake's contention that the image of God survives in us, though it takes an innocent eye to discern it. With that as a starting point permit me a few words in defense of innocence.
Innocence is not mere lack of experience, or worse, a childish refusal to confront reality squarely. Innocence is purity of seeing, unencumbered by learning, convention, or prejudice. It is a quality essential to all great art and poetry. It is also central to religious thought. Good men recognize it as something infinitely precious and will sacrifice themselves to protect it. Evil men envy it and attempt to simulate its appearance--thus the wolf in sheep’s clothing--or else simply fear and hate it and so work to corrupt and thus destroy it. Why? Because it is only the innocent that see truly.
Innocence, as I hope to show, is not just a beautiful idea conceived in the minds of the Romantic poets and later parodied by flower children and new age spiritualist. These cults of innocence may actually do more harm than good, as you contend, which is ironic since innocence in its root sense--”in and “nocere”--means not harmful. But I don't think it is right to confound innocence and naiveté, at least in the negative sense of that word--that of being culpably ignorant, easily exploited, or merely helpless. Innocence--if it is more than just lack of experience, if it is a positive quality that embodies the good--points to something beyond the world, something transcendent. As Christ taught, "Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God."
Innocence is difficult to describe, especially as a positive quality. Most attempts to define it begin and end by saying what it is not. So let’s start where everyone agrees innocence is to be found, within the deeply wondering eyes of children. Lock eyes with an infant and instantly you will feel the terrible intensity of its innocent gaze. Grown ups--even hardened ones who habitually stare others down--will almost always blink or avert their eyes long before an infant will stop looking at them, blankly and sweetly. An infant simply does not know or care about what all adults are all too mindful of. That it isn't polite to stare. And that's what makes an infant's eyes so deadly earnest and so piercing.
Children always stare, and the nervous grownups around them are constantly having to tell them not to. Why the anxiety? Why indeed unless grown-ups are trying to hide or avoid something that a child’s shameless gaze lays open to view. To a greater or lesser extent, all grown-ups are complicit in a sort of polite conspiracy to keep up appearances, that subtle dance of evasions which allows them to hide their sins or avoid the obvious. A child's impolite stare threatens that world of appearances, which is at its heart shame hardened into indifference. The innocent gaze burns through to the truth grownups have learned not to see. "Mommy, look at that man. He has only one leg!"
Looking at an infant looking at you is an experience that produces in most of us a twinge of self-consciousness that after a few seconds forces us to look away, ashamed. It’s really quite funny to see how ridiculous adults make themselves trying to distract an infant--shaking keys or making funny faces--all in an attempt to divert its searing gaze. “Love me,” says the infant, as it looks searchingly into our eyes. And we, looking back, feel ashamed because our love comes up short. We never feel the imperative that “All must love the human form” more strongly than when looking at an infant, for an infant demands total love. Adoration, said the poet Wallace Stevens, is always face to face, which is perhaps why only a mother can look steadily--that is to say adoringly--into the eyes of her child.
But there is something else in an infants clear shining eyes that makes us look away in shame. Because the gaze of the innocent takes in all of us without regard for appearances, we intuitively feel that we are being seen for what we are rather than how we choose to present ourselves to the world. Innocence, because it doesn't know better, burns away pretense and humbles all posturing, leaving us with the plain realization that we are what we are. Great poets have always revered the piercing clarity of the innocent eye. Chaucer’s pilgrim and Twain’s Huckleberry Finn are both innocent seers who lay bare the truth because they don’t know any better. They are nonjudgmental in the sense that they see without prejudice or preconception. More important, lacking self-consciousness, they gaze with deeply wondering eyes and so miss nothing. It is the strange magic of innocence that more of a thing is revealed when it is marveled at than when it is scrutinized.
We could put all this talk about innocence yet another way. When an infant recoils from our arms or a child refuses to give a goodbye kiss, we somehow feel that a judgment has fallen upon us, and one that is more terrible than any verdict spoken by the lips of the most righteous of judges. A righteous judge sees with wisdom, a wisdom that tempers his human prejudice and enlarges the limits of his experience. Because he strives to be impartial, we feel his judgments to be fair and just and so submit accordingly. But a child sees innocently, which is as much above that virtue of impartiality as love is above tolerance. Because he has no prejudice or experience to speak of, the child sees without encumbrance. And so his judgments are both truer and harsher than a judges, for the plain truth of what we are is often more terrible than any body evidence that can be brought up to convict us. “Mommy, I don’t like that man” is somehow just as damning as any jury’s verdict of “guilty.” I often think that the day of judgment will be something like the experience of having a babe placed in our arms and waiting to see if that babe will coo or cry.
While we talk of experience in terms of gain, we speak of innocence in terms of loss. We are born innocent. But then, as King Lear said, we “wawl and cry, because we have come to this stage of fools." When we speak of lost innocence--of someone who is sadder but wiser--their is a wishfulness of tone in that phrase that is not just sentimental. Something good has been sacrificed for the sake of getting on or just surviving in the world. Necessarily, perhaps. But something good in us regrets that necessity.
Experience of course helps us to navigate the world, because the world is full of detours and blind alleys, not to mention snares, pits, and mines. Wisdom is also necessary because there are evil men whose purpose is to deceive. Thus, Christ admonished his disciples “ to be wise as serpents.” But then he quickly added “and harmless as doves." (Note that the word “harmless” here recalls the word innocent in its root sense of "in" and "nocere"--not harmful.) Innocence-- or harmlessness--is a quality that a disciple must retain, even in the face of evil, if he is to remain capable of saving the world from itself. A disciple must be in the world but not of it. He must experience all things and yet remain innocent.
If Christ was right to teach his disciples to be harmless as doves, it’s certain that being innocent or harmless is not quite the same thing as being powerless, or clumsy, or naive. True, children are helpless in the sense that they cannot feed or cloth or defend themselves. But children do have a terrible power--it is the power of the innocent to disarm and stupefy. Says the psalmist, "Out of the mouth of babes and sucklings hast thou ordained strength because of thine enemies, that thou mightest still the enemy and the avenger." That world "still" used here as a verb is exactly right. It is one of the most endearingly comic scenes in domestic life to watch family members tip toe around a sleeping babe, as if it were a kind of god. The slumbering child literally stills the household to a palpable hush. The naive may be exploited by the worldly wise, but a child will often confound the learned with its most casual observations or bend the stubborn and the hardened to its least significant whims. That power is akin to the magical force possessed by the maiden of fairy tales who, innocently seeing no malice in the beast, tames the beast.
It should also be said that innocence is the tonic of experience; it refreshes those who have grown weary of the world. Far from something that is to be outgrown, innocence is necessary to life because experience breeds cynicism and cynicism teeters on the ledge of despair. After roaming the world and discovering that there is nothing new under the sun, the wise preacher of ecclesiastes resignedly concludes that "all is vanity." Meanwhile, the psalmist, watching the very same sun shine light on the same world joyously exclaims, "This is the day that the Lord has made, rejoice and be glad therein."
To elaborate somewhat, experience teaches that the same sun rises on the same world, and so on and so on. The world is old. Innocence sees the same sun and the same world, but too ignorant to conclude anything, simply ventures forth as if the new day really made the world brand new. The “been there, done that” philosophical pessimism of the ecclesiast needs the exuberant innocence of the psalmist. Otherwise, why bother. This quality of innocence to see the world new is vividly alive in another attribute that all children share--their love of repetition. As my friend’s grandson recently said to me after I had tossed him in the air a half dozen times "Again, Uncle, make me fly again!"
Innocence, wonderfully, enables the child to enjoy the same experience over and over without it growing stale. Repetition never becomes redundancy. Innocence somehow makes the experience new. But this very quality also makes the child, paradoxically, profoundly unconventional. Although the child loves repetition and its close cousin, imitation, he is no mere mimic. Listen to the invented phrases of a child and you will hear a freshness of perception that is both accurate and arresting. I once heard a child say to his grandmother after she had just washed her hair, "Nana, what happened? your hair fell down!" Now this grandmother always had her hair teased and meticulously styled, so the observation that her hair fell down was as vivid as it was truthful. But perhaps more significant was the fact that to the child the grandmother’s wet hair was somehow momentous, something that had the weight of an event. "Nana what happened?" It takes a child to see poetry in something as pedestrian and uninspiring as his Nana’s flat hairdo.
William Blake wrote Songs of Innocence and then composed his Songs of Experience as a kind of sophisticated worldly counterpoint to that pure melody. In doing so he also postulated a higher innocence that was able to organize the chaos and general messiness of life to achieve a perspective that incredibly would make everything make sense. “All things work for the good of them that believe.” That is the apostle Paul, who knew something about persecution and hardship, and perhaps saw more bad days than good. Yet he had faith that everything would work out in the end--and not just for the good, but his good. That fearless optimism catches the accent of the higher innocence Blake points to in his poetry. It is plainly not the rosy idealism of the wishful thinker, but the hard earned perspective of the man of faith. I think it is also what Christ meant when he said that unless we become as little children--after having negotiated through the world as grown ups--we cannot enter into the kingdom of God. Kahuna, you say you may have never been innocent because you see and know too much. But I think it’s closer to the truth to say that you see so much because you have never been corrupted (at least not fully, ha! ha!) by experience. There is something innocent about someone who keeps searching for truth and trying to improve himself and the world even when experience teaches him to know better. For all your knowledge of the world and the reality of evil, you are perhaps more innocent than you think.
The Rough Stone
P.S. Please don’t feel you need to respond to this long ramble. I wrote it to clarify my own thinking on the subject as much as I did to respond to your comment that “their might be something to be said about the innocence of children.